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Application of spectral and non-spectral analytical methods for monitoring the quality of ketchups
Havlíčková, Barbora ; Vítová, Eva (referee) ; Diviš, Pavel (advisor)
The aim of the master´s thesis was to verify the applicability of elemental analysis and molecular spectrometry for examining the authenticity of ketchup. For verify of share refractometric dry matter introduced into ketchup from tomatoes was used analysis of potassium and lycopene content. Ketchups with different tomato contents were prepared and subsequently models were created, which were used to verify the proportion of refractometric dry matter introduced into tomato ketchup in ketchups from the store. The results of the work showed that the amount of lycopene is a problematic marker for verifying the authenticity of ketchup, because during the production of ketchup, lycopene is degraded.In contrast, the amount of potassium in ketchup has been shown to be a good marker for monitoring the authenticity of ketchup. The model based on the potassium content of ketchup worked reliably, the deviations obtained from the quantity of tomatoes used for the production of ketchup indicated on the packaging were less than 10%. Higher deviations were achieved in ketchups with a minimum permitted tomato content of up to 20%. The concentration of potassium in ketchup with a lower content of used tomatoes can be significantly affected by the addition of other ingredients to the ketchup (onion, garlic, carrot, apple, etc.). In addition to the ketchup production technology used, the ripeness of tomatoes also has a significant effect on the model for verifying the authenticity of ketchup.
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Increase of Belite Clinker Reactivity
Pekárková, Jana ; Fridrichová, Marcela (referee) ; Gazdič, Dominik (advisor)
Bachelor's thesis is focused on possible increase of belite clinker reactivity. Specfically a method of chemical activation was examinated. This method consists in disruption of belite structure due to substitution silicon ions with other ion. It also deals with effect of potassium ions from potassium sulfur and carbon on longterm hydration process of belite clinker, which was burnt in laboratory.
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Determination of selected elements in cereal flours and their gluten-free alternatives
Venclová, Veronika ; Hraníček, Jakub (advisor) ; Nováková, Eliška (referee)
This study deals with the determination of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese and molybdenum in cereal gluten flours and its gluten-free alternatives. The flour samples were digested using a microwave device and the elements in solution were subsequently determined using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. Optimization of the digestion of the selected flours was performer prior to the actual determination of the elements. The aim of the work was to determine the above listed elements in the flour samples and to establish a basic overview of the elemental composition of the different flours. This overview and comparison of the different flours is intended to help the people with celiac disease to choose gluten-free alternatives to wheat flour. Keywords Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, microwave digestion, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, molybdenum, wheat flour, gluten-free flours, celiac disease
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Aboveground litterfall fluxes of selected elements in central European temperate forest
Bašta, Jan ; Oulehle, Filip (advisor) ; Chuman, Tomáš (referee)
5 Abstract Aboveground litterfall is the most important intrasystem flow in the temperate forest ecosystem. It is also the largest input flux to the soil surface for most of the macronutrients (N, P, Ca, Mg, K). However, under Central European conditions, studies on the magnitude of this flux in relation to elemental stocks are lacking. GEOMON Small Forest Catchment Network is used to investigate long-term trends in nutrient cycles in temperate forests of Central Europe and the human influence on them. As part of this network aboveground litterfall collectors were placed in 14 catchments at a total of 19 sites at the end of 2019. Litterfall was then collected bimonthly, weighed and sorted into different fractions. These fractions were analyzed to determine the concentration of the elements of interest. From these values, the fluxes of the elements in the aboveground litterfall were calculated. The observed values were compared with the characteristics of the individual sites and the element budgets in the catchments. The monitored elements can be ranked according to the size of the flux of the element through the aboveground litterfall in relation to other inputs of that element to the soil as follows: C, P, N, Ca, Mg and K. The average amount of aboveground litterfall in the GEOMON network is 4.6...
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Plant growth on saline soils - interaction of sodium and potassium in plant metabolism
Peřinová, Anna ; Tylová, Edita (advisor) ; Konrádová, Hana (referee)
Soil salinity represents a significant stress factor that negatively affects plant growth and is also a current problem in modern agriculture. This bachelor's thesis focuses on the mechanisms associated with this stress, with a main emphasis on the effects of excess sodium cations in the soil, their accumulation in plants, the mechanism of their negative impact, and defense strategies. It addresses the importance of potassium and sodium in plant nutrition and metabolism, as the interference of Na+ with the essential functions of K+ is an important aspect of the stress caused by salt excess in the environment. The thesis analyzes the most important transporters and channels that ensure the uptake and transport of K+ and Na+ in plants. Emphasis is placed mainly on the transport of sodium and the mechanisms that enable plants to adapt to saline environments and tolerate higher concentrations of salts in the soil, particularly the SOS defense system against Na+ accumulation in the cytoplasm and unique structures that allow salt secretion in halophytic plants. Attention is also directed to the difference between glycophytic and halophytic plants.
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Mineral nutrient transporters and root system efficiency
Schmidová, Dominika ; Tylová, Edita (advisor) ; Kobercová, Eliška (referee)
Plants are sessile organisms whose survival depends largely on the ability to ensure sufficient water and mineral nutrient uptake by the root system. To this end, plants have evolved specialised transport systems that ensure selective uptake of essential elements and also allow plants to adapt to varying soil nutrient concentrations. In terms of transport kinetics, mineral nutrient transporters are of two types - high-affinity and low-affinity. Depending on the nutrient concentration in the soil, plants can engage each type to maximise nutrient uptake. In addition to the efficient setup of transport processes at the membranes, there are other mechanisms in the plant to maximize the uptake of soil resources. These are mainly changes in the architecture of the root system. In addition to the systemic growth response, plants regulate root growth at the local level in response to uneven nutrient distribution in the soil. This response is limited to a specific part of the root system, which adapts to use that area as efficiently as possible. In addition to their transport function, mineral nutrient transporters also play a sensory role in the regulation of localised root growth. The aim of this bachelor thesis is to describe the uptake mechanism of the important essential macronutrients, nitrogen,...
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Application of Atomic Absorption Spectrometry for Determination of Selected Elements from Potential Ecological Burden Area
Juránková, Lada ; Hraníček, Jakub (advisor) ; Šíma, Jan (referee)
This work is focused on the determination of selected (chemical) elements (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cr, Na, K, Mg a Ca) in a potential ecological burden area using flame atomic absorption spectrometry as a detection technique. A potential ecological burden is represented by tires which are used as a construction material or as an environment surrounding for growing decorative and consumable plants. Analytes were determined in plant origin samples. Firstly, the samples were dried in a laboratory electric dryer. The weighted amount of a dried sample (approximately 0.2 g) was digested inside a microwave decomposition device with an addition of nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide. An optimization of experimental parameters was done for each of the elements before sample measuring. A burner height was optimized and 8 mm height was chosen as a optimum for most elements. Under the optimum condition basic characteristics were measured for each element separately. These characteristics included limits of detection that were: 0.05; 0.01; 0.08; 0.21; 0.02; 0.01; 0.01; 0.01 mg L-1 for the following elements: Fe, Mn, Zn, Cr, K, Ca, Mg and Na, respectively. The limits of quantification, sensitivity and repeatability were determined for each element as well. A significant attention was paid to the content of zinc in the studied...
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Function of the AtKUP5 transporter in Arabidopsis thaliana
Štočková, Hana ; Tylová, Edita (advisor) ; Hála, Michal (referee)
Potassium is one of the essential elements necessary for plant growth. It is involved in many plant processes, such as osmoregulation, enzymes activaton, etc. These functions are very often closely related to its transport in the cell and the whole plant. Although potassium is abundant in earth's crust, the mount of plant-available form is often insufficient. Potassium deficiency manifests itself on many levels and also contributes to the reduction of yield and quality of agricultural crops. There are many of potassium-transporting proteins in the plant. One of the important families of potassium transporters is the KT/HAK/KUP family. This family includes, among others, the high-affinity transporter HAK5, which is key for the uptake of potassium from the environment with low-potassium availability. One of the not very characterized transporters from the KT/HAK/KUP family is the KUP5 transporter, which I deal with in my diploma thesis. The aim of this work is to analyze the phenotypic manifestations of kup5 T-DNA insertion mutants and to characterize the functions of the transporter KUP5 in Arabidopsis thaliana plants. I analyzed the growth of kup5 insertion mutants in various environmental conditions and performed plant transformation to determine the localization of the KUP5 transporter in the...
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Transporters KT/HAK/KUP - role in plant development and response to environmental conditions
Doležalová, Barbora ; Tylová, Edita (advisor) ; Hála, Michal (referee)
Potassium is an essential element, which is important in many plant processes. It functions as a major osmotic and is involved in the regulation of turgor during cell growth or stomatal movements. It is also important for maintaining membrane potencial. In plants, potassium transporters from the KT/HAK/KUP family are involved in the transport of K+ . Some of them are important in the uptake of K+ from the enviroment (HAK5, KUP7), others in regulation of cell turgor (KUP2, KUP6, KUP8). In Arabidopsis thaliana, less characterized KT/HAK/KUP transporters include KUP5 and KUP9, which I studied in this diploma thesis. In this diploma thesis, I analyzed the growth phenotype of kup5 mutant plants. The results show that kup5 mutant plants are not more sensitive to K+ deficiency than wild-type plants, therefore KUP5 is probably not involved in the K+ uptake from the enviroment. Kup5 mutant plants were larger than wild-type plants, had larger root and hypocotyl cells as well as longer root meristematic zone. This growth phenotype suggests that KUP5 is involved in the regulation of cell growth, probably through turgor regulation. Using the pKUP5::KUP5-GFP construct, the KUP5 protein was localized in the ER, but this localization needs further verification. Using the pKUP5:GUS construct, KUP5 expression was...
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Determination of sodium and potassium in honey samples by atomic absorption spectrometry
Venclová, Veronika ; Hraníček, Jakub (advisor) ; Šíma, Jan (referee)
This bachelor thesis was focused on the determination of sodium and potassium in honey samples by atomic absorption spectrometry with a flame atomization technique. An acetylene-air flame was used. Prior to the analysis of the honey samples, the optimal working parameters of the used method were found. The optimized parameters were: the height of the beam above the burner, the flow rate of acetylene, and the burner's horizontal position. Under the optimal conditions, the basic characteristics of the determination of sodium and potassium were studied. Sodium and potassium concentrations in the honey samples were determined under optimal conditions. A total number of 27 honey samples were analyzed. The sodium content ranged from 0.880 to 25.3 mg/kg. The potassium content was in the range of 223 - 2750 mg/kg. In the end, the measured concentrations of honey samples originating from the Czech Republic were compared with the foreign studies. Keywords Potassium, sodium, honey, atomic absorption spectrometry, flame spectrometry
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